MATERNITY BENEFITS ACT
Motherhood is a very special experience in a woman’s life. It alters her lifestyle and requires her to make certain compromises. That is where the concept of maternity leave and the benefits it entails, comes in handy.
A woman needs to be able to give quality time to her child without having to worry about whether she will lose her job and her source of income.
The Maternity Benefits Act, 1961, gives her the assurance that her rights will be looked after while she is at home to care for her child.
Under this law, no employer can knowingly employ a woman in his establishment during the six weeks following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage. However, if the pregnant woman herself makes a request, she should not be forced to indulge in work of an arduous nature, or be forced to stand for long hours. Such work might adversely affect her pregnancy or health or the normal development of the foetus or cause a miscarriage.
Definitions
Certain definitions have been specified in the context of the Act. These are:
"child" includes a still-born child;
"delivery" means the birth of a child;
"employer" means -
A person appointed by the Government for the supervision and control of employees. In the absence of such an appointment, this person would be the head of the department or the chief executive officer of the local authority. The employer could also be the person who has the ultimate control over the affairs of the establishment.
"Establishment" stands for a factory, mine or plantation etc.
"miscarriage" means the expulsion of the contents of a pregnant uterus at any period prior to or during the twenty-sixth week of pregnancy but does not include any miscarriage, the cause of which is punishable under the Indian Penal Code.
"Wages" means remuneration paid or payable in cash to a woman and includes dearness and house rent allowance, incentive bonus and the money value of the concessional supply of food grains and other articles. It does include any other kind of bonus, overtime earnings, any contribution towards the pension fund or provident fund and any gratuity payable on the termination of service.
Who is entitled to maternity benefit?
Every woman is entitled to the payment of maternity benefit at the rate of the average daily wage for the period of her actual absence immediately preceding and including the day of her delivery and for the six weeks immediately following that day.
The average daily wage is calculated on the basis of the amount payable to her for the days on which she has worked during the period of three calendar months immediately preceding the date from which she has absented herself on account of maternity, or one rupee a day, whichever is higher.
To be eligible for maternity benefit, a woman should have worked in an establishment for not less than 160 days in the twelve months immediately prior to the date of her expected delivery.
The maximum period for which any woman can be entitled to maternity benefit is twelve weeks.
This includes six weeks up to and including the day of her delivery and six weeks immediately following that day. If a woman dies during this period, the maternity benefit will be payable only for the days up to and including the day of her death. However, if she delivers a child and dies during the delivery or during the period of six weeks following the delivery, the employer will be liable for the maternity benefits of the entire period of six weeks immediately following the day of her delivery. If the child dies during this period, the liability will be only up to and including the day of the death of the child.
In case the woman dies before receiving the benefit, the amount must be paid to her nominee or legal representative.
In the event of a miscarriage, the woman must produce relevant proof that she has suffered a miscarriage. This will entitle her to receive leave with wages at the rate of the maternity benefit, for a period of six weeks immediately following the date of the miscarriage.
Women who are ill on account of pregnancy, delivery, premature birth of a child or a miscarriage are also entitled to a period of absence or to leave with wages at the rate of maternity benefit for a maximum period of one month. However, they must submit proof of their illness.
Notice of claim for maternity benefit
A pregnant woman is required to give her employer a notice in writing, stating that the maternity benefit that she is entitled to should be given to her or any person nominated by her and that she will not be working during the period in which she receives the benefit. This notice should start from the date when she was absent from work, provided that date is not earlier than six weeks from the date of her expected delivery. This notice can also be given soon after the delivery.
On receiving the notice, the employer is bound to permit the woman to absent herself from work until the expiry of six weeks after the delivery.
In case a woman fails to give notice, this does not dis-entitle her from claiming maternity benefit. The employer is still liable to pay her the amount due to her.
Dismissal during absence on account of pregnancy
When a woman absents herself from work on account of illness during pregnancy, she may not be discharged or dismissed by her employer or issued notice for dismissal. It is equally unlawful for the employer to alter any of the conditions of her service to her disadvantage.
If she is discharged or dismissed from service, she should still be entitled to receiving maternity benefit or medical bonus. She cannot be deprived of these.
The woman can be dismissed only if she is guilty of gross misconduct. In this case, the employer is well within his rights to deprive her of the maternity benefit or medical bonus.
A woman who has been deprived of maternity benefit or medical bonus may, within sixty days from the date on which the order was communicated to her, appeal to the relevant authority. This authority has the final say on whether the woman should or should not be deprived of these benefits.
According to the law, if a woman continues to report to work during the period when she is entitled to maternity benefit, she forfeits her claim to the maternity benefit for the period. However, individual companies may allow the woman to take her leave as late as possible so that she may have more time to nurse the baby later on.
An employer who violates the provisions of the Maternity Benefits Act can be punishable with imprisonment up to three months or with fine up to five hundred rupees or both. Besides, if the violation is related to the non-payment of maternity benefit or any other amount, the court can recover this amount as if it is a fine and pay it to the aggrieved person.
The Maternity Benefits Act has a lot of provisions that are beneficial to the pregnant woman. It is up to the pregnant woman to find out what they are and to take advantage of them. The Act is a good example of the State taking its social responsibility very seriously.
Know - Did this give you some food for thought?
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
47Motherhood is a very special experience in a woman’s life. It alters her lifestyle and requires her to make certain compromises. That is where the concept of maternity leave and the benefits it entails, comes in handy.
A woman needs to be able to give quality time to her child without having to worry about whether she will lose her job and her source of income.
The Maternity Benefits Act, 1961, gives her the assurance that her rights will be looked after while she is at home to care for her child.
Under this law, no employer can knowingly employ a woman in his establishment during the six weeks following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage. However, if the pregnant woman herself makes a request, she should not be forced to indulge in work of an arduous nature, or be forced to stand for long hours. Such work might adversely affect her pregnancy or health or the normal development of the foetus or cause a miscarriage.
Definitions
Certain definitions have been specified in the context of the Act. These are:
"child" includes a still-born child;
"delivery" means the birth of a child;
"employer" means -
A person appointed by the Government for the supervision and control of employees. In the absence of such an appointment, this person would be the head of the department or the chief executive officer of the local authority. The employer could also be the person who has the ultimate control over the affairs of the establishment.
"Establishment" stands for a factory, mine or plantation etc.
"miscarriage" means the expulsion of the contents of a pregnant uterus at any period prior to or during the twenty-sixth week of pregnancy but does not include any miscarriage, the cause of which is punishable under the Indian Penal Code.
"Wages" means remuneration paid or payable in cash to a woman and includes dearness and house rent allowance, incentive bonus and the money value of the concessional supply of food grains and other articles. It does include any other kind of bonus, overtime earnings, any contribution towards the pension fund or provident fund and any gratuity payable on the termination of service.
Who is entitled to maternity benefit?
Every woman is entitled to the payment of maternity benefit at the rate of the average daily wage for the period of her actual absence immediately preceding and including the day of her delivery and for the six weeks immediately following that day.
The average daily wage is calculated on the basis of the amount payable to her for the days on which she has worked during the period of three calendar months immediately preceding the date from which she has absented herself on account of maternity, or one rupee a day, whichever is higher.
To be eligible for maternity benefit, a woman should have worked in an establishment for not less than 160 days in the twelve months immediately prior to the date of her expected delivery.
The maximum period for which any woman can be entitled to maternity benefit is twelve weeks.
This includes six weeks up to and including the day of her delivery and six weeks immediately following that day. If a woman dies during this period, the maternity benefit will be payable only for the days up to and including the day of her death. However, if she delivers a child and dies during the delivery or during the period of six weeks following the delivery, the employer will be liable for the maternity benefits of the entire period of six weeks immediately following the day of her delivery. If the child dies during this period, the liability will be only up to and including the day of the death of the child.
In case the woman dies before receiving the benefit, the amount must be paid to her nominee or legal representative.
In the event of a miscarriage, the woman must produce relevant proof that she has suffered a miscarriage. This will entitle her to receive leave with wages at the rate of the maternity benefit, for a period of six weeks immediately following the date of the miscarriage.
Women who are ill on account of pregnancy, delivery, premature birth of a child or a miscarriage are also entitled to a period of absence or to leave with wages at the rate of maternity benefit for a maximum period of one month. However, they must submit proof of their illness.
Notice of claim for maternity benefit
A pregnant woman is required to give her employer a notice in writing, stating that the maternity benefit that she is entitled to should be given to her or any person nominated by her and that she will not be working during the period in which she receives the benefit. This notice should start from the date when she was absent from work, provided that date is not earlier than six weeks from the date of her expected delivery. This notice can also be given soon after the delivery.
On receiving the notice, the employer is bound to permit the woman to absent herself from work until the expiry of six weeks after the delivery.
In case a woman fails to give notice, this does not dis-entitle her from claiming maternity benefit. The employer is still liable to pay her the amount due to her.
Dismissal during absence on account of pregnancy
When a woman absents herself from work on account of illness during pregnancy, she may not be discharged or dismissed by her employer or issued notice for dismissal. It is equally unlawful for the employer to alter any of the conditions of her service to her disadvantage.
If she is discharged or dismissed from service, she should still be entitled to receiving maternity benefit or medical bonus. She cannot be deprived of these.
The woman can be dismissed only if she is guilty of gross misconduct. In this case, the employer is well within his rights to deprive her of the maternity benefit or medical bonus.
A woman who has been deprived of maternity benefit or medical bonus may, within sixty days from the date on which the order was communicated to her, appeal to the relevant authority. This authority has the final say on whether the woman should or should not be deprived of these benefits.
According to the law, if a woman continues to report to work during the period when she is entitled to maternity benefit, she forfeits her claim to the maternity benefit for the period. However, individual companies may allow the woman to take her leave as late as possible so that she may have more time to nurse the baby later on.
An employer who violates the provisions of the Maternity Benefits Act can be punishable with imprisonment up to three months or with fine up to five hundred rupees or both. Besides, if the violation is related to the non-payment of maternity benefit or any other amount, the court can recover this amount as if it is a fine and pay it to the aggrieved person.
The Maternity Benefits Act has a lot of provisions that are beneficial to the pregnant woman. It is up to the pregnant woman to find out what they are and to take advantage of them. The Act is a good example of the State taking its social responsibility very seriously.
Know - Did this give you some food for thought?
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
A very good explanation given for Maternity Benefict Act.
As a Labour Law student this message is very useful.
I woul like to know some more details about the Industrial Dispute Act. Can you please mail me the details in my mail id.
.
This kind of information is a necessary one to know. Thanks for posting such a valuable information. Keep your work going.
--Caroline.
From India, Madras
As a Labour Law student this message is very useful.
I woul like to know some more details about the Industrial Dispute Act. Can you please mail me the details in my mail id.
This kind of information is a necessary one to know. Thanks for posting such a valuable information. Keep your work going.
--Caroline.
From India, Madras
Dear Mr. Arun ,
Thkans a lot for this information .
I am working in freight forwarding comapny from the last 2 years and the strenght of our organization is only 35 , we have just statrted the PF but ESI is not started . In this situation , a lady is entitled to claim the maternity benefit .
waiting for your valuable advise.
Regards
Nirmal
From India, New Delhi
Thkans a lot for this information .
I am working in freight forwarding comapny from the last 2 years and the strenght of our organization is only 35 , we have just statrted the PF but ESI is not started . In this situation , a lady is entitled to claim the maternity benefit .
waiting for your valuable advise.
Regards
Nirmal
From India, New Delhi
Hi
It is a nice article. But I have one small update in this:
Eligibility for maternity benefit: a woman should have worked in an establishment for not less than 80 days in the twelve months immediately prior to the date of her expected delivery.
Please correct me if I wrong.
Best Regards
Shivakumar
From India, Bangalore
It is a nice article. But I have one small update in this:
Eligibility for maternity benefit: a woman should have worked in an establishment for not less than 80 days in the twelve months immediately prior to the date of her expected delivery.
Please correct me if I wrong.
Best Regards
Shivakumar
From India, Bangalore
I am working on part time basis that is i go for 3 days in week.and I am working in a Management Institute affliated to a UGC recognised univeristy.I am working there for the last 6 months.And my appointment is Ad-hoc Basis.I'll join full time in Aug.
My total working days are roughly 84 as if now.will i be elegible for maternity benefit by June 2007?
If i join full time from Aug 2007 , then by what time i'll be elegible for maternity benefit?
Thanks
From India, Calcutta
My total working days are roughly 84 as if now.will i be elegible for maternity benefit by June 2007?
If i join full time from Aug 2007 , then by what time i'll be elegible for maternity benefit?
Thanks
From India, Calcutta
Hi Caroline
Please find as desired by you.
Industrial Disputes Act
The object of the Act is to make provisions for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes. However, it makes other provisions in respect of lay off, retrenchment, closure etc. The purpose is to bring the conflicts between employer and employees to an amicable settlement. [The Act is achieving exactly opposite]. The Act provides machinery for settlement of disputes, if dispute cannot be solved through collective bargaining.
‘Industry’ under Industrial Disputes Act – The definition of ‘industry’ is as follows – ‘Industry means any business, trade, undertaking, manufacture or calling of employers and includes any calling, service, employment, handicraft or industrial occupation or avocation of workmen. [section 2(j)]. Thus, the definition is very wide. - - The scope is much wider than what is generally understood by the term ‘industry’.
In Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. Rajappa (1978) 2 SCC 213 = 36 FLR 266 = 1978(2) SCR 213 = 1978(1) LLJ 349 = AIR 1978 SC 548 (SC 7 member bench 5 v 2 judgment), a very wide interpretation to the term 'industry' was given. It was held that profit motive or a desire to generate income is not necessary. Any systematic activity organized by cooperation between employer and employees for the production and/or distribution of goods and services calculated to satisfy human wants and wishes is ‘industry’.
Thus, many hospitals, educational institutions, universities, charitable institutions and welfare organisations have got covered under the Act. Professions, clubs, cooperatives, research institutes etc. are also covered.
‘Industry Dispute’ and ‘Workman’ – The definition of ‘industrial dispute’ and ‘workman’ is as follows -
Industrial Dispute – Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms and conditions of employment or with the conditions of labour, of any person. [section 2(k)]. - - Section 2A provides that dismissal, discharge, retrenchment of even a single workman will be ‘industrial dispute’ even if no other workman or any union is a party to the dispute.
Workman – ‘Workman’ means any person (including apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward. It includes dismissed, discharged or retrenched person also. However, it does not include (i) Armed Forces i.e. those subject to Air Force Act, Army Act or Navy Act (ii) Police or employees of prison (iii) Employed in mainly managerial or administrative capacity or (iv) person in supervisory capacity drawing wages exceeding Rs 1,600 per month or functions are is mainly of managerial nature. [section 2(x)].
Adjudication of disputes – The Act provides for ‘Works Committee’ in factories employing 100 or more workers. [section 3]. The committee will consist of equal number of representatives of employer and employees. Representatives of employees will be selected in consultation with Registered Trade Union. The Works Committee will first try to settle disputes. If dispute is not solved, it will be referred to ‘Conciliation Officer’. He is appointed by Government. [section 4]. The matter may also be referred to ‘Board of Conciliation’. [section 4]. He will try to arrive at fair and amicable settlement acceptable to both parties. If he is unable to do so, he will send report to appropriate Government. [section 12(4)]. The Government may then refer the industrial dispute to Board of conciliation, Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal. [section 12(5)].
Employer and employees can voluntarily refer the matter to arbitration. [section 10A]. [This provision is very rarely used by employer and workmen. Generally, they prefer the Court route].
If no settlement is arrived at, there is three tier system of adjudication – Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal. The order made by them is ‘award’.
‘Award’ means an interim or final determination of any industrial dispute or of any question relating thereto by any Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal or National Tribunal. It also includes arbitration award. [section 2(b)]. - - The ‘award’ is required to be published by State/Central Government within 30 days. [section 17]. The award becomes effective 30 days after its publication. [section 17A].
Labour Court – Labour Courts are constituted by State Governments u/s 7. It will be presided over by ‘Presiding Officer’. The Labour Court has powers in respect of * Interpretation of Standing Orders * Violation of Standing Orders * Discharge or dismissal of a workman * Withdrawal of any customary concession or privilege * Illegality or otherwise of a strike or lock-out * Other matters which are not under Industrial Tribunal. [Second Schedule to the Act]
Industrial tribunal – Industrial Tribunal is constituted by State Government u/s 7A. The tribunal will be presided over by ‘Presiding Officer. The Industrial Tribunal has powers in respect of * Wages, including period and mode of payment * Compensatory and other allowances * Hours of work and rest intervals * Leave with wages and holidays * Bonus, profit sharing, provident fund and gratuity * Shift working changes * Classification by grades * Rules of discipline * Ratinlanisation and retrenchment of workmen. [Third Schedule to Act].
National Tribunal – National Tribunal is formed by Central Government for adjudication of industrial disputes of national importance or where industrial establishments situated in more than one States are involved. [section 7B].
Reference of dispute – Appropriate Government can refer any dispute to Board of Conciliation, Court of Enquiry, Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal. [section 10(1)]. - - Appropriate Government means * Central Government in case of railways, docks, IFCI, ESIC, LIC, ONGC, UTI, Airport Authority, industry carried on by or under authority of Central Government * State Government in case of other industrial disputes [section 2(a)].
Court/Tribunal can reduce punishment and order reinstatement - As per section 11A, the Labour Court and Tribunal have wide powers. They can reappraise evidence. They can also see whether the punishment is disproportionate to the gravity of the misconduct proved. If the Court or Tribunal is of the view that the punishment is disproportionate, it can impose lesser punishment or even set aside the termination and order reinstatement. - - If Court orders reinstatement and employer files appeal in Higher Court, the employer is required to pay full wages to the employee during the period of pendency of proceedings with High Court or Supreme Court. However, if the workman was gainfully employed elsewhere, Court can order that payment of such wages is not to be made. [section 17B].
Settlement - ‘Settlement’ means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceedings. It includes a written agreement between employer and workmen arrived at otherwise than in course of conciliation proceedings (i.e. outside the conciliation proceedings). - - The difference is that settlement arrived at in course of conciliation or an arbitration award or award of labour court or Tribunal binds all parties to industrial dispute including present and future workmen and all parties who were summoned to appear in the proceedings. [section 18(3)]. If settlement is arrived at by mutual agreement, it binds only those who were actually party to agreement. [section 18(1)]. - - The settlement is binding during the period it is in force. Even after that period is over, it continues to be binding, unless a 2 month notice of termination is given by one party to another. [section 19(2]. - - If no period has been specified, settlement is valid for 6 months and an award is valid for one year.
Jurisdiction of civil court qua industrial dispute – Termination of a workman constitutes an Industrial Dispute. Relief sought can be given by forum under Industrial Disputes Act and hence, jurisdiction of civil court is impliedly barred. – Chandrakant Tukaram Nikam v. Municipal Corporation 2002 AIR SCW 710 = 2002(2) SCALE 77 = 2002 LLR 498 = 100 FJR 519 (SC 3 member bench).
Lay off, retrenchment and closure – ’Lay off’ means failure, refusal or inability of employer on account of shortage of coal, power or raw materials or accumulation of stock or break down of machinery or natural calamity; to give employment to a workman on muster roll. - - ‘Lay off’ means not giving employment within two hours after reporting to work. - - Lay off can be for half day also. In such case, worker can be asked to come in second half of the shift. [section 2(kkk)].
A factory employing 50 or more but less than 100 employees on an average per working day can lay off the workmen, who have completed one year of service, by paying compensation equal to 50% of salary (basic plus DA) (section 25C of IDA). - - Employer can offer him alternate employment, if the alternate employment does not call for any special skill or previous experience, and lay off compensation will not be payable if employee refuses to accept the alternate employment (section 25E).
Above provisions of compensation for lay off do not apply to (a) Industrial establishments employing less than 50 workmen (b) seasonal industry (c) Establishments employing 100 or more workmen, as in their case, prior approval of Appropriate Government is necessary u/s 25M(1).
Retrenchment – ‘Retrenchment’ means termination by the employer of service of a workman for any reason, other than as a punishment inflicted by a disciplinary action. However, ‘retrenchment’ does not include voluntary retirement or retirement on reaching age of superannuation or termination on account of non-renewal of contract or termination on account of continued ill-health of a workman. [section 2(oo)].
‘Retrenchment’ means discharge of surplus labour or staff by employer. It is not by way of punishment. The retrenchment should be on basis of ‘last in first out’ basis in respect of each category, i.e. junior-most employee in the category (where there is excess) should be retrenched first. [section 25G]. If employer wants to re-employer persons, first preference should be given to retrenched workmen. [section 25H].
A worker who has completed one year of service can be retrenched by giving one month notice (or paying one month’s salary) plus retrenchment compensation, at the time of retirement, @ 15 days’ average wages for every completed year of service (section 25F).
In Parry’s Employees Union v. Third Industrial Tribunal 2001 LLR 462 (Cal HC), it was held that for purposes of retrenchment compensation under ID Act, the monthly salary should be divided by 30. [Under Gratuity Act, it has to be divided by 26].
If number of workmen are 100 or more, prior permission of Appropriate Government is necessary u/s 25N(1)].
Meaning of ‘continuous service’ – Provisions of compensation for lay off and retrenchment are applicable only to workman who is in ‘continuous service’ for one year. As per section 25B, ‘continuous service’ includes service interrupted by sickness, authorised leave, accident or strike which is not illegal, or lock-out or cessation of work which is not due to fault of workman. -- In Workmen v. Management of American Express AIR 1986 SC 548 = 1985(4) SCC 71, it was held that ‘actually worked’ cannot mean only those days where workman worked with hammer, sickle or pen, but must necessarily comprehend all those days during which he was in the employment of employer and for which has been paid wages either under express of implied contract of service or by compulsion of statute, standing orders etc.
Closure – ‘Closure’ means permanent closing down of a place of employment or part thereof. [section 2(cc)]. - - Thus, closure can be of part of establishment also. - - 60 days notice should be given for closure to Government, if number of persons employed are 50 or more. 60 days notice is not necessary if number of persons employed are less than 50. [section 25FFA]. Compensation has to be given as if the workman is retrenched. [section 25FFF(1)]. - - If number of workmen employed are 100 or more, prior permission of Government is necessary for closure u/s 25-O.
Provisions for large industries for lay off and closure - Large industries employing 100 or more workmen on an average for preceding 12 months cannot lay-off, retrench or close down the undertaking without permission from Government (sections 25M to 25-O of Industrial Disputes Act). Invariably, such permission is almost never given, whatever may be the merits of the case.
Provisions of section 25M in respect of prior permission for lay off have been upheld in Papnasan Labour Union v. Madura Coats AIR 1995 SC 2200. Provisions of section 25N were upheld in Workmen v. Meenakshi Mills Ltd. - (1992) 62 Taxman 560 = 1992(1) SCALE 1248 = 1992 AIR SCW 1378 = (1992) 3 SCC 336 = JT 1992(3) SC 446 = 1992 LLR 481 = AIR 1994 SC 2696 (5 member bench). In this case, it was held that powers to give prior permission are quasi-judicial and hence opportunity of hearing must be given and the order giving permission or refusing permission is subject to judicial review. In Bharatia Electric Steel Co. Ltd. v. State of Haryana 1998 LLR 322 (P&H HC DB), it was observed that operation of section 25-O should be limited to cases where employer is acting arbitrarily or unfairly. If the reasons given by employer for closure are genuine and adequate, permission cannot be refused.
In Orissa Textiles v. State of Orissa 2002 AIR SCW 333 = 2002 LLR 225 = 100 FJR 342 (SC 5 member Constitution Bench), it was held that order u/s 35-O should be in writing with reasons. The order can be reviewed after one year, even for the same reasons.
If Banks refuse to give further loans to run the plant, the employer has to either abandon the plant or devise some dubious ways to surmount the difficulties. One of the major reason why foreign investors are reluctant to come to India in a big way is lack of ‘exit policy’. Some industrial sickness and closures are inevitable in a ‘market oriented economy’. Absence of official exit policy creates problems for honest employers (Dishonest employers devise their own ways).
Notice of change in conditions of service – Section 9A provides that an employer cannot effect any change in the conditions of service applicable to any workman without giving 21 days notice. Such notice is not required if there is settlement or award of Labour Court or Tribunal. As per fourth schedule to the Act, such 21 day notice is required if there is going to be change in wages, wage period, PF contribution, allowances, hours of work and rest intervals, shift timings, new rules of discipline, increase or decrease in number of persons employed in any department or shift.
Strike and lock-out – ‘Strike’ means a cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry, acting in combination, or a concerted refusal, or a refusal under a common understanding, of any number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment. [section 2(q)].
As per section 23, workman should not go on strike in * during pendency of conciliation proceedings and 7 days thereafter * during pendency of proceedings before Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal or National Tribunal * During period of arbitration proceedings * During period when settlement or award is in operation in respect of the matters covered by award or settlement.
Prohibition of strike and lock out in public utility service - .In case of public utility, employees have to give at least 14 days notice for strike. The notice is valid only if strike commences within 6 weeks. Otherwise, fresh notice is required. - - Similarly, an employer cannot declare lock out without giving 14 days notice. [section 22]. If such notice is received, Government authority should be informed within five days. - - As per section 2(n), ‘Public Utility Service’ includes railways, major port and docks, section of industry on the working of which safety of establishment depends, postal/telegraph/ telephone services, industry supplying power/ light/ water; system of public conservancy or sanitation. [section 2(n)]. In addition, Government can declare industry specified in Schedule I as ‘Public Utility Services’. Such declaration can be made for 6 months at a time [section 2(n)(vi)]. [Industries in first schedule include banking, transport, cement, coal, defence establishments, security press, hospitals and dispensaries, oil fields, mining of certain specified ores, foodstuff, cotton textiles, iron and steel etc].
Lock-out – ‘Lock-out’ means temporary closing or a place of employment or the suspension of work, or the refusal by an employer to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him. [section 2(l)]. - - Workers go on strike, while ‘lock-out’ is to be declared by employer.
Wages during strike period - Wages during strike period are payable only if the strike is both legal and justified - Syndicate Bank v. K Umesh Naik (1994) 5 SCC 572 = 1994 AIR SCW 4496 = 1994 II LLJ 836 = 1994 II LLN 1296 = (1994) 3 SCALE 565 = AIR 1995 SC 319 = 1994 II CLR 753 = 1994 LLR 883 (SC constitution bench) - followed in HMT Ltd. v. HMT Head Office Employees Assn 1997 AIR SCW 153 = AIR 1997 SC 585 = 1997 LLR 758. In HAL Employees Union v. Presiding Officer 1996 LLR 673 (SC), it was held that when lockout by employer is legal and justified, workmen are not entitled to payment of wages for the period during which the lock-out continued.
No work no pay - Principle of ‘No work no pay’ has been accepted by Supreme Court. - Bank of India v. T S Kelawala 1989 LLR 277 (1990 LLR 313 ?) = 1990(SUP) SCALE 140(2) = (1990) 4 SCC 744 (SC) * Syndicate Bank v. K Umesh Naik (1994) 5 SCC 572 = 1994 AIR SCW 4496 = 1994 II LLJ 836 = 1994 II LLN 1296 = AIR 1995 SC 319 = 1994(3) SCALE 565 = 1994 II CLR 753 = 1994 LLR 883 (SC constitution bench). The principle of ‘no work no pay’ is also applicable when a man was eligible for promotion but was not promoted and in fact did not work in the higher post. In such case, he is not eligible to get pay for higher scale - Paluru Ramkrishnaiah v. UOI - (1989) 2 SCR 92 - followed in State of Haryana v. OP Gupta - 1996(1) SCALE 602.
Illegal strike or lock-out – Strike or lock out in violation of sections 22 or 23 and when it is continuing in violation of order issued by Government u/s 10(3) (when matter is referred to Conciliation Board or Tribunal) is illegal. [section 24]. Fine upto Rs 50 per day to workman and Rs 1,000 to employer can be imposed. In addition, he can be imprisoned upto one month. [section 26].
Restrictions on employer pending proceedings – If any conciliation proceedings or proceedings are pending before arbitrator, labour court or Industrial Tribunal, following restrictions are applicable to employer.
No change in conditions of service in matters related to dispute – Employer shall not make any change in condition of service connected to dispute without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending. [section 33(1)(a)]. Change which is not related to dispute can be made in accordance with standing orders without any permission. [section 33(2)(a)]
No removal of workman in matters related to dispute – Employer shall not discharge, dismiss or punish any workman in matter for any misconduct concerned to dispute, without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending. [section 33(1)(b)]. Punishment which is not connected to dispute can be made in accordance with standing orders without any permission. However, dismissal or discharge of workman will require approval of the action. Application for approval should be made after action is taken. [section 33(2)(b)]. Prior permission is not necessary. Application for approval is required to be submitted after action is already taken. - -In Jaipur Zila Sahakari Bhoomi Vikas Bank v. Shri Ram Gopal 2002 AIR SCW 249 = 2002 LLR 237 (SC 5 member constitution bench), it was held that if the approval is not granted u/s 33(2)(b) of Industrial Disputes Act, the order of dismissal becomes ineffective from the date it was passed and employee becomes entitled to wages from date of dismissal to date of disapproval of application.
Protected workman - In every establishment, 1% of total workmen are recognised as ‘Protected workman’ u/s 33(3) (but minimum 5 and maximum 100). In case of such workmen, order for his dismissal, discharge or punishment cannot be passed without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending, whether the issue is related to dispute or not. Such permission is required only during the period proceedings are pending and not after main reference is decided.
Unfair Labour Practices – Section 25T prohibits unfair labour practices by employer or workman or a trade union. If any person commits unfair labour practice, he is punishable with fine upto Rs 1,000 and imprisonment upto 6 months. [section 25U]. Fifth schedule to Act gives list of what are ‘Unfair Labour Practices’. Then major are as follows –
In case of employer - * Interfering in Trade Union activities * Threatening workmen to refrain them from trade union activities * Establish employer sponsored Trade Union * Discourage trade union activities by various means * Discharge or dismiss by way of victimization or falsely implicating workman * Abolish work of regular nature and to give that work to contractors * Mala fide transfer of workman under guise of management policy * Employ badli or casuals and continue them for years * Recruitment workmen during strike which is not illegal * Acts of force and violence * Not implementing settlement or agreement or award * Refuse collective bargaining * Continue illegal lock-out
In case of workmen and trade unions - * Support or instigate illegal strike * Coerce workmen to join or not to join a particular trade union * Threatening or intimidating workmen who do not join strike * Refuse collective bargaining in good faith * Coercive actions including ‘go slow’, ‘gherao’, ‘squatting on work premises after working hours’ etc. * Wilful damage to employer’s property * Acts of force or violence or intimidation.
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
Please find as desired by you.
Industrial Disputes Act
The object of the Act is to make provisions for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes. However, it makes other provisions in respect of lay off, retrenchment, closure etc. The purpose is to bring the conflicts between employer and employees to an amicable settlement. [The Act is achieving exactly opposite]. The Act provides machinery for settlement of disputes, if dispute cannot be solved through collective bargaining.
‘Industry’ under Industrial Disputes Act – The definition of ‘industry’ is as follows – ‘Industry means any business, trade, undertaking, manufacture or calling of employers and includes any calling, service, employment, handicraft or industrial occupation or avocation of workmen. [section 2(j)]. Thus, the definition is very wide. - - The scope is much wider than what is generally understood by the term ‘industry’.
In Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. Rajappa (1978) 2 SCC 213 = 36 FLR 266 = 1978(2) SCR 213 = 1978(1) LLJ 349 = AIR 1978 SC 548 (SC 7 member bench 5 v 2 judgment), a very wide interpretation to the term 'industry' was given. It was held that profit motive or a desire to generate income is not necessary. Any systematic activity organized by cooperation between employer and employees for the production and/or distribution of goods and services calculated to satisfy human wants and wishes is ‘industry’.
Thus, many hospitals, educational institutions, universities, charitable institutions and welfare organisations have got covered under the Act. Professions, clubs, cooperatives, research institutes etc. are also covered.
‘Industry Dispute’ and ‘Workman’ – The definition of ‘industrial dispute’ and ‘workman’ is as follows -
Industrial Dispute – Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms and conditions of employment or with the conditions of labour, of any person. [section 2(k)]. - - Section 2A provides that dismissal, discharge, retrenchment of even a single workman will be ‘industrial dispute’ even if no other workman or any union is a party to the dispute.
Workman – ‘Workman’ means any person (including apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward. It includes dismissed, discharged or retrenched person also. However, it does not include (i) Armed Forces i.e. those subject to Air Force Act, Army Act or Navy Act (ii) Police or employees of prison (iii) Employed in mainly managerial or administrative capacity or (iv) person in supervisory capacity drawing wages exceeding Rs 1,600 per month or functions are is mainly of managerial nature. [section 2(x)].
Adjudication of disputes – The Act provides for ‘Works Committee’ in factories employing 100 or more workers. [section 3]. The committee will consist of equal number of representatives of employer and employees. Representatives of employees will be selected in consultation with Registered Trade Union. The Works Committee will first try to settle disputes. If dispute is not solved, it will be referred to ‘Conciliation Officer’. He is appointed by Government. [section 4]. The matter may also be referred to ‘Board of Conciliation’. [section 4]. He will try to arrive at fair and amicable settlement acceptable to both parties. If he is unable to do so, he will send report to appropriate Government. [section 12(4)]. The Government may then refer the industrial dispute to Board of conciliation, Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal. [section 12(5)].
Employer and employees can voluntarily refer the matter to arbitration. [section 10A]. [This provision is very rarely used by employer and workmen. Generally, they prefer the Court route].
If no settlement is arrived at, there is three tier system of adjudication – Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal. The order made by them is ‘award’.
‘Award’ means an interim or final determination of any industrial dispute or of any question relating thereto by any Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal or National Tribunal. It also includes arbitration award. [section 2(b)]. - - The ‘award’ is required to be published by State/Central Government within 30 days. [section 17]. The award becomes effective 30 days after its publication. [section 17A].
Labour Court – Labour Courts are constituted by State Governments u/s 7. It will be presided over by ‘Presiding Officer’. The Labour Court has powers in respect of * Interpretation of Standing Orders * Violation of Standing Orders * Discharge or dismissal of a workman * Withdrawal of any customary concession or privilege * Illegality or otherwise of a strike or lock-out * Other matters which are not under Industrial Tribunal. [Second Schedule to the Act]
Industrial tribunal – Industrial Tribunal is constituted by State Government u/s 7A. The tribunal will be presided over by ‘Presiding Officer. The Industrial Tribunal has powers in respect of * Wages, including period and mode of payment * Compensatory and other allowances * Hours of work and rest intervals * Leave with wages and holidays * Bonus, profit sharing, provident fund and gratuity * Shift working changes * Classification by grades * Rules of discipline * Ratinlanisation and retrenchment of workmen. [Third Schedule to Act].
National Tribunal – National Tribunal is formed by Central Government for adjudication of industrial disputes of national importance or where industrial establishments situated in more than one States are involved. [section 7B].
Reference of dispute – Appropriate Government can refer any dispute to Board of Conciliation, Court of Enquiry, Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal. [section 10(1)]. - - Appropriate Government means * Central Government in case of railways, docks, IFCI, ESIC, LIC, ONGC, UTI, Airport Authority, industry carried on by or under authority of Central Government * State Government in case of other industrial disputes [section 2(a)].
Court/Tribunal can reduce punishment and order reinstatement - As per section 11A, the Labour Court and Tribunal have wide powers. They can reappraise evidence. They can also see whether the punishment is disproportionate to the gravity of the misconduct proved. If the Court or Tribunal is of the view that the punishment is disproportionate, it can impose lesser punishment or even set aside the termination and order reinstatement. - - If Court orders reinstatement and employer files appeal in Higher Court, the employer is required to pay full wages to the employee during the period of pendency of proceedings with High Court or Supreme Court. However, if the workman was gainfully employed elsewhere, Court can order that payment of such wages is not to be made. [section 17B].
Settlement - ‘Settlement’ means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceedings. It includes a written agreement between employer and workmen arrived at otherwise than in course of conciliation proceedings (i.e. outside the conciliation proceedings). - - The difference is that settlement arrived at in course of conciliation or an arbitration award or award of labour court or Tribunal binds all parties to industrial dispute including present and future workmen and all parties who were summoned to appear in the proceedings. [section 18(3)]. If settlement is arrived at by mutual agreement, it binds only those who were actually party to agreement. [section 18(1)]. - - The settlement is binding during the period it is in force. Even after that period is over, it continues to be binding, unless a 2 month notice of termination is given by one party to another. [section 19(2]. - - If no period has been specified, settlement is valid for 6 months and an award is valid for one year.
Jurisdiction of civil court qua industrial dispute – Termination of a workman constitutes an Industrial Dispute. Relief sought can be given by forum under Industrial Disputes Act and hence, jurisdiction of civil court is impliedly barred. – Chandrakant Tukaram Nikam v. Municipal Corporation 2002 AIR SCW 710 = 2002(2) SCALE 77 = 2002 LLR 498 = 100 FJR 519 (SC 3 member bench).
Lay off, retrenchment and closure – ’Lay off’ means failure, refusal or inability of employer on account of shortage of coal, power or raw materials or accumulation of stock or break down of machinery or natural calamity; to give employment to a workman on muster roll. - - ‘Lay off’ means not giving employment within two hours after reporting to work. - - Lay off can be for half day also. In such case, worker can be asked to come in second half of the shift. [section 2(kkk)].
A factory employing 50 or more but less than 100 employees on an average per working day can lay off the workmen, who have completed one year of service, by paying compensation equal to 50% of salary (basic plus DA) (section 25C of IDA). - - Employer can offer him alternate employment, if the alternate employment does not call for any special skill or previous experience, and lay off compensation will not be payable if employee refuses to accept the alternate employment (section 25E).
Above provisions of compensation for lay off do not apply to (a) Industrial establishments employing less than 50 workmen (b) seasonal industry (c) Establishments employing 100 or more workmen, as in their case, prior approval of Appropriate Government is necessary u/s 25M(1).
Retrenchment – ‘Retrenchment’ means termination by the employer of service of a workman for any reason, other than as a punishment inflicted by a disciplinary action. However, ‘retrenchment’ does not include voluntary retirement or retirement on reaching age of superannuation or termination on account of non-renewal of contract or termination on account of continued ill-health of a workman. [section 2(oo)].
‘Retrenchment’ means discharge of surplus labour or staff by employer. It is not by way of punishment. The retrenchment should be on basis of ‘last in first out’ basis in respect of each category, i.e. junior-most employee in the category (where there is excess) should be retrenched first. [section 25G]. If employer wants to re-employer persons, first preference should be given to retrenched workmen. [section 25H].
A worker who has completed one year of service can be retrenched by giving one month notice (or paying one month’s salary) plus retrenchment compensation, at the time of retirement, @ 15 days’ average wages for every completed year of service (section 25F).
In Parry’s Employees Union v. Third Industrial Tribunal 2001 LLR 462 (Cal HC), it was held that for purposes of retrenchment compensation under ID Act, the monthly salary should be divided by 30. [Under Gratuity Act, it has to be divided by 26].
If number of workmen are 100 or more, prior permission of Appropriate Government is necessary u/s 25N(1)].
Meaning of ‘continuous service’ – Provisions of compensation for lay off and retrenchment are applicable only to workman who is in ‘continuous service’ for one year. As per section 25B, ‘continuous service’ includes service interrupted by sickness, authorised leave, accident or strike which is not illegal, or lock-out or cessation of work which is not due to fault of workman. -- In Workmen v. Management of American Express AIR 1986 SC 548 = 1985(4) SCC 71, it was held that ‘actually worked’ cannot mean only those days where workman worked with hammer, sickle or pen, but must necessarily comprehend all those days during which he was in the employment of employer and for which has been paid wages either under express of implied contract of service or by compulsion of statute, standing orders etc.
Closure – ‘Closure’ means permanent closing down of a place of employment or part thereof. [section 2(cc)]. - - Thus, closure can be of part of establishment also. - - 60 days notice should be given for closure to Government, if number of persons employed are 50 or more. 60 days notice is not necessary if number of persons employed are less than 50. [section 25FFA]. Compensation has to be given as if the workman is retrenched. [section 25FFF(1)]. - - If number of workmen employed are 100 or more, prior permission of Government is necessary for closure u/s 25-O.
Provisions for large industries for lay off and closure - Large industries employing 100 or more workmen on an average for preceding 12 months cannot lay-off, retrench or close down the undertaking without permission from Government (sections 25M to 25-O of Industrial Disputes Act). Invariably, such permission is almost never given, whatever may be the merits of the case.
Provisions of section 25M in respect of prior permission for lay off have been upheld in Papnasan Labour Union v. Madura Coats AIR 1995 SC 2200. Provisions of section 25N were upheld in Workmen v. Meenakshi Mills Ltd. - (1992) 62 Taxman 560 = 1992(1) SCALE 1248 = 1992 AIR SCW 1378 = (1992) 3 SCC 336 = JT 1992(3) SC 446 = 1992 LLR 481 = AIR 1994 SC 2696 (5 member bench). In this case, it was held that powers to give prior permission are quasi-judicial and hence opportunity of hearing must be given and the order giving permission or refusing permission is subject to judicial review. In Bharatia Electric Steel Co. Ltd. v. State of Haryana 1998 LLR 322 (P&H HC DB), it was observed that operation of section 25-O should be limited to cases where employer is acting arbitrarily or unfairly. If the reasons given by employer for closure are genuine and adequate, permission cannot be refused.
In Orissa Textiles v. State of Orissa 2002 AIR SCW 333 = 2002 LLR 225 = 100 FJR 342 (SC 5 member Constitution Bench), it was held that order u/s 35-O should be in writing with reasons. The order can be reviewed after one year, even for the same reasons.
If Banks refuse to give further loans to run the plant, the employer has to either abandon the plant or devise some dubious ways to surmount the difficulties. One of the major reason why foreign investors are reluctant to come to India in a big way is lack of ‘exit policy’. Some industrial sickness and closures are inevitable in a ‘market oriented economy’. Absence of official exit policy creates problems for honest employers (Dishonest employers devise their own ways).
Notice of change in conditions of service – Section 9A provides that an employer cannot effect any change in the conditions of service applicable to any workman without giving 21 days notice. Such notice is not required if there is settlement or award of Labour Court or Tribunal. As per fourth schedule to the Act, such 21 day notice is required if there is going to be change in wages, wage period, PF contribution, allowances, hours of work and rest intervals, shift timings, new rules of discipline, increase or decrease in number of persons employed in any department or shift.
Strike and lock-out – ‘Strike’ means a cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry, acting in combination, or a concerted refusal, or a refusal under a common understanding, of any number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment. [section 2(q)].
As per section 23, workman should not go on strike in * during pendency of conciliation proceedings and 7 days thereafter * during pendency of proceedings before Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal or National Tribunal * During period of arbitration proceedings * During period when settlement or award is in operation in respect of the matters covered by award or settlement.
Prohibition of strike and lock out in public utility service - .In case of public utility, employees have to give at least 14 days notice for strike. The notice is valid only if strike commences within 6 weeks. Otherwise, fresh notice is required. - - Similarly, an employer cannot declare lock out without giving 14 days notice. [section 22]. If such notice is received, Government authority should be informed within five days. - - As per section 2(n), ‘Public Utility Service’ includes railways, major port and docks, section of industry on the working of which safety of establishment depends, postal/telegraph/ telephone services, industry supplying power/ light/ water; system of public conservancy or sanitation. [section 2(n)]. In addition, Government can declare industry specified in Schedule I as ‘Public Utility Services’. Such declaration can be made for 6 months at a time [section 2(n)(vi)]. [Industries in first schedule include banking, transport, cement, coal, defence establishments, security press, hospitals and dispensaries, oil fields, mining of certain specified ores, foodstuff, cotton textiles, iron and steel etc].
Lock-out – ‘Lock-out’ means temporary closing or a place of employment or the suspension of work, or the refusal by an employer to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him. [section 2(l)]. - - Workers go on strike, while ‘lock-out’ is to be declared by employer.
Wages during strike period - Wages during strike period are payable only if the strike is both legal and justified - Syndicate Bank v. K Umesh Naik (1994) 5 SCC 572 = 1994 AIR SCW 4496 = 1994 II LLJ 836 = 1994 II LLN 1296 = (1994) 3 SCALE 565 = AIR 1995 SC 319 = 1994 II CLR 753 = 1994 LLR 883 (SC constitution bench) - followed in HMT Ltd. v. HMT Head Office Employees Assn 1997 AIR SCW 153 = AIR 1997 SC 585 = 1997 LLR 758. In HAL Employees Union v. Presiding Officer 1996 LLR 673 (SC), it was held that when lockout by employer is legal and justified, workmen are not entitled to payment of wages for the period during which the lock-out continued.
No work no pay - Principle of ‘No work no pay’ has been accepted by Supreme Court. - Bank of India v. T S Kelawala 1989 LLR 277 (1990 LLR 313 ?) = 1990(SUP) SCALE 140(2) = (1990) 4 SCC 744 (SC) * Syndicate Bank v. K Umesh Naik (1994) 5 SCC 572 = 1994 AIR SCW 4496 = 1994 II LLJ 836 = 1994 II LLN 1296 = AIR 1995 SC 319 = 1994(3) SCALE 565 = 1994 II CLR 753 = 1994 LLR 883 (SC constitution bench). The principle of ‘no work no pay’ is also applicable when a man was eligible for promotion but was not promoted and in fact did not work in the higher post. In such case, he is not eligible to get pay for higher scale - Paluru Ramkrishnaiah v. UOI - (1989) 2 SCR 92 - followed in State of Haryana v. OP Gupta - 1996(1) SCALE 602.
Illegal strike or lock-out – Strike or lock out in violation of sections 22 or 23 and when it is continuing in violation of order issued by Government u/s 10(3) (when matter is referred to Conciliation Board or Tribunal) is illegal. [section 24]. Fine upto Rs 50 per day to workman and Rs 1,000 to employer can be imposed. In addition, he can be imprisoned upto one month. [section 26].
Restrictions on employer pending proceedings – If any conciliation proceedings or proceedings are pending before arbitrator, labour court or Industrial Tribunal, following restrictions are applicable to employer.
No change in conditions of service in matters related to dispute – Employer shall not make any change in condition of service connected to dispute without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending. [section 33(1)(a)]. Change which is not related to dispute can be made in accordance with standing orders without any permission. [section 33(2)(a)]
No removal of workman in matters related to dispute – Employer shall not discharge, dismiss or punish any workman in matter for any misconduct concerned to dispute, without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending. [section 33(1)(b)]. Punishment which is not connected to dispute can be made in accordance with standing orders without any permission. However, dismissal or discharge of workman will require approval of the action. Application for approval should be made after action is taken. [section 33(2)(b)]. Prior permission is not necessary. Application for approval is required to be submitted after action is already taken. - -In Jaipur Zila Sahakari Bhoomi Vikas Bank v. Shri Ram Gopal 2002 AIR SCW 249 = 2002 LLR 237 (SC 5 member constitution bench), it was held that if the approval is not granted u/s 33(2)(b) of Industrial Disputes Act, the order of dismissal becomes ineffective from the date it was passed and employee becomes entitled to wages from date of dismissal to date of disapproval of application.
Protected workman - In every establishment, 1% of total workmen are recognised as ‘Protected workman’ u/s 33(3) (but minimum 5 and maximum 100). In case of such workmen, order for his dismissal, discharge or punishment cannot be passed without permission of authority before whom proceedings are pending, whether the issue is related to dispute or not. Such permission is required only during the period proceedings are pending and not after main reference is decided.
Unfair Labour Practices – Section 25T prohibits unfair labour practices by employer or workman or a trade union. If any person commits unfair labour practice, he is punishable with fine upto Rs 1,000 and imprisonment upto 6 months. [section 25U]. Fifth schedule to Act gives list of what are ‘Unfair Labour Practices’. Then major are as follows –
In case of employer - * Interfering in Trade Union activities * Threatening workmen to refrain them from trade union activities * Establish employer sponsored Trade Union * Discourage trade union activities by various means * Discharge or dismiss by way of victimization or falsely implicating workman * Abolish work of regular nature and to give that work to contractors * Mala fide transfer of workman under guise of management policy * Employ badli or casuals and continue them for years * Recruitment workmen during strike which is not illegal * Acts of force and violence * Not implementing settlement or agreement or award * Refuse collective bargaining * Continue illegal lock-out
In case of workmen and trade unions - * Support or instigate illegal strike * Coerce workmen to join or not to join a particular trade union * Threatening or intimidating workmen who do not join strike * Refuse collective bargaining in good faith * Coercive actions including ‘go slow’, ‘gherao’, ‘squatting on work premises after working hours’ etc. * Wilful damage to employer’s property * Acts of force or violence or intimidation.
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
Hi Shiva Kumar
Contribution period and Benefit period -
Contribution period is
(a) 1st September to 31st March
(b) 1st April to 30th September.
The corresponding benefit period is (a) following 1st July to 31st December
(b) following 1st January to 30th June.
Thus, ‘benefit period’ starts three months after the ‘contribution period’ is over.
The relevance of this definition is that sickness benefit and maternity benefit is available only during ‘benefit period’.
Thus, an employee gets these benefits only after 9 months after joining employment and paying contribution. However, other benefits are available during contribution period also.
I think your querry is met.
Regards
Aruun K mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
Contribution period and Benefit period -
Contribution period is
(a) 1st September to 31st March
(b) 1st April to 30th September.
The corresponding benefit period is (a) following 1st July to 31st December
(b) following 1st January to 30th June.
Thus, ‘benefit period’ starts three months after the ‘contribution period’ is over.
The relevance of this definition is that sickness benefit and maternity benefit is available only during ‘benefit period’.
Thus, an employee gets these benefits only after 9 months after joining employment and paying contribution. However, other benefits are available during contribution period also.
I think your querry is met.
Regards
Aruun K mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
Hi Newlearner
The Employees State Insurance Act (ESI Act)
The ESI Act has been passed to provide for certain benefits to employees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury and to make provisions for related matters. As the name suggests, it is basically an ‘insurance’ scheme i.e. employee gets benefits if he is sick or disabled.
ESIC - Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) has been formed to supervise the scheme under section 3 of the Act. The Corporation supervises and controls the ESI scheme.
No dismissal or punishment during period of sickness - Section 73 of the Act provides that no employer shall dismiss, discharge or reduce or otherwise punish an employee during the period employee is in receipt of sickness benefit or maternity benefit. He also cannot dismiss, discharge or otherwise punish employee when he is in receipt of disablement benefit or is under medical treatment or is absent from work due to sickness.
This gives protection to employee when he is in receipt of sickness benefit or maternity benefit. Employer cannot take disciplinary action against employee in such cases. This provision is grossly misused by employees.
However, in Buckingham & Carnatic Co v. Venkatayya - AIR 1964 SC 1272 = 1963(7) FLR 343 = (1964) 4 SCR 265 = (1963) 2 LLJ 638 = 25 FJR 25 (SC), it was rightly held that this provision (of section 73) is applicable only in case of punitive action for all kinds of misconduct during which employee has received sickness benefits. This protection is not applicable in case of abandonment of employment or when termination is automatic as per contract. – followed in Rajveer Singh v. Judge 1996 LLR 61 (Raj HC), where it was hold that provisions of section 73 are not applicable when termination of an employee is automatic.
Applicability of ESI Scheme - The scheme is applicable to all factories. [section 1(4)]. The Appropriate Government can also make it applicable to any other industrial, commercial, agricultural or other establishments, by issuing notification and giving 6 month notice. [section 1(5)].
Thus, ESI Act can be made applicable to ‘shops’ also. However, since Government has to provide for hospitals and medical facilities, the Act can be made applicable to different parts of State at different dates. Thus, if a factory is at a place where ESIC is unable to provide medical facilities, ESI Act may not be made applicable to that area. Government can exempt a factory or establishment or persons or class of persons from provisions of ESI Act, if the employees are getting better medical facilities/ [e.g. if Government is convinced that the factory itself is providing very good medical facilities e.g. like TISCO].
Regional Offices / Branch Offices get covered - Regional offices of a factory, which have their connection to the factory and where the Principal Employer has control over the regional offices, the regional offices will be covered under ESIC - Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products v. ESIC - AIR 1978 SC 356 = (1978) 2 SCR 345 = (1978) 1 SCC 194. If head office is covered under ESIC, branch offices are also covered when branch and principal office are inter-dependent and there is unity of relationship. - Transport Corporation of India v. ESIC 1999(7) SCALE 63 = 2000 LLR 113 = 83 FLR 970 = 1999 AIR SCW 4340 = AIR 2000 SC 238 (SC 3 member bench).
Outside agencies can be covered - In PM Patel v. UOI (1986) 1 SCC 32 = AR 1987 SC 447 = 1985 II CLR 322 (SC), workers were given work of making 'bidis' as home. Right of rejection of bidis was with employer. It was held that test of control and supervision lies in the right of rejection. It was held that employees working outside can be covered under ESIC, if there is master servant relationship.
Definition of ‘factory’ as per ESI Act - The ‘Factory’ means any premises where manufacturing process is carried out. If manufacture is without aid of power, the Act is applicable if persons employed are at least 20. If manufacture is with aid of power, the Act applies if persons employed are at least 10. [section 2(12)]. - - However, ‘mines’ have been excluded. - - ‘Manufacturing process’ has same meaning as defined under Factories Act. [section 2(14AA)].
One a factory or establishment is covered, it continues to be covered even if number of employees reduce. [section 1(6)]
Construction workers not covered – Construction workers employed in construction activities are not covered under ESIC. – ESIC circular No. P-12(11)-11/27/99 Ins.IV dated 14-6-1999. - - However, if administrative office employs 20 or more eligible employees, that establishment and employees working in administrative office will be covered.
Employer under ESI Act – ‘Principal Employer’ means * owner or occupier of factory * Head of department in case of Government department and * Person responsible for supervision and control, in case of any other establishment. [section 2(17)]. - - Employees working though contractor are also covered. ‘Contractor’ is termed as ‘Immediate Employer’. ‘Immediate employer’ means a person who has undertaken the execution, on the premises of factory or establishment to which this Act applies. He may do on his own or under the supervision of Principal Employer. The work should be part of work of factory or establishment of principal employer or is preliminary or incidental to the work of factory or establishment. [section 2(13)]. Primary liability of ESI contribution is of Principal Employer. [section 40(1)]. He can recover the contribution paid by him from the ‘immediate employer’ i.e. contractor. [section 41].
Employee under ESI Act - ‘Employee’ means any person employed for wages in or in connection with work of a factory or establishment to which the ESI Act applies. Employees drawing wages upto Rs. 7,500 per month can be presently covered under the ESI Act scheme. [section 2(9)].
Employees include * persons employed through contractor * Apprentices other than those covered under ‘Apprentices Act’ * Persons employed in administration office, department or branch for purchase or sale of products. * Casual workers engaged in work incidental to or connected with work of factory or establishment * Employees working at head office when factory is located at different place * Canteen staff, watch and ward staff are employees * Staff in hospital attached to factory are employees. - - Members of Indian Naval, Military or Air Forces are excluded.
If an employee is drawing wages less than Rs. 7,500 per month at the beginning of his ‘contribution period’, his contributions are payable for whole period of contribution period of six months even if in between his wages go above Rs. 7,500 p.m. [proviso to section 2(9)].
Following are not employees - * Persons drawing wages over Rs. 7,500 per month * member of Army, Navy or Air Force. * Partners of firm are not employees even if they are drawing wages - RD, ESIC v. Ramanuja Match Industry AIR 1985 SC 278 = 1985(1) SCC 218 = 1998(6) SCALE 38 * Persons employed in Government establishments. * construction workers engaged in raising additional building subsequent to initial set up of factory.
Contribution to ESIC Fund - Both employee and employer have to make contribution to ESIC. The employer has to deduct contribution from wages of employee and pay to ESIC both the employer’s contribution as well as employees’ contribution. [section 39(1)].
The contribution is payable for ‘wage period’ i.e. the period in respect of which wages are payable to employee. [section 39(2)]. Normally, ‘wage period’ is a month. The employee’s contribution is 1.75% of wages. It should be rounded off to next 5 paise. Employees contribution is not payable when daily wages are below Rs 15/-.
Employer’s contribution is 4.75% of total wage bill of all employees in respect of every wage period. Thus, it is not necessary to calculate employer's contribution separately for each employee. 4.75% of gross wages should be calculated and rounded off to next 5 paise. Employees drawing wages lower than Rs 25 per day do not have to pay employee's share. The contribution has to be paid within 21 days from close of the month. It is payable by a challan in authorised bank. - - If the contribution is not paid in time, interest @ 12% is payable. [section 39(5)(a)].
In addition, ESIC authorities can impose ‘damages’ varying between 5% to 25% of arrears of contribution u/s 85B.
Employer cannot deduct employer’s contribution from the salary of employee. [section 40(3)].
Liability of principal employer – In case of employees of contractor, liability is of Principal Employer. In Britannia Industries v. ESIC (2001) 98 FJR 520 (Mad HC), it was held that Principal Employer will be liable to penalty and damages also if contribution is not paid on due date. – same view in Padmini Products v. ESIC 2000(2) Kar LJ 369 (Karn HC).
Wage for purpose of ESI Act - ‘Wages’ means all remuneration paid or payable in cash to employee according to terms of contract of employment and includes any payment made to an employee in respect of period of authorised leave, lock-out, lay-off, strike which is not illegal and other additional remuneration paid at interval not exceeding two months. It does not include * contribution paid by employer to any pension fund or provident fund * Travelling allowance * Reimbursement of expenses made by nature of employment of the employee * gratuity. [section 2(22)].
Thus, wages include basic pay, dearness allowance, city compensatory allowance, payment of day of rest, overtime wages, house rent allowance, incentive allowance, attendance bonus, meal allowance and incentive bonus. However, wages do not include annual bonus, unilateral rewards scheme (inam), ex gratia payments made every quarter or every year travelling allowance, retrenchment compensation, encashment of leave and gratuity.
Contribution period and Benefit period - Contribution period is (a) 1st September to 31st March (b) 1st April to 30th September. The corresponding benefit period is (a) following 1st July to 31st December (b) following 1st January to 30th June. Thus, ‘benefit period’ starts three months after the ‘contribution period’ is over. The relevance of this definition is that sickness benefit and maternity benefit is available only during ‘benefit period’. Thus, an employee gets these benefits only after 9 months after joining employment and paying contribution. However, other benefits are available during contribution period also.
Benefits to employees covered under ESI Act - An employee is entitled to get benefits which are medical benefits as well as cash benefits. He also can get disablement benefit.
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
The Employees State Insurance Act (ESI Act)
The ESI Act has been passed to provide for certain benefits to employees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury and to make provisions for related matters. As the name suggests, it is basically an ‘insurance’ scheme i.e. employee gets benefits if he is sick or disabled.
ESIC - Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) has been formed to supervise the scheme under section 3 of the Act. The Corporation supervises and controls the ESI scheme.
No dismissal or punishment during period of sickness - Section 73 of the Act provides that no employer shall dismiss, discharge or reduce or otherwise punish an employee during the period employee is in receipt of sickness benefit or maternity benefit. He also cannot dismiss, discharge or otherwise punish employee when he is in receipt of disablement benefit or is under medical treatment or is absent from work due to sickness.
This gives protection to employee when he is in receipt of sickness benefit or maternity benefit. Employer cannot take disciplinary action against employee in such cases. This provision is grossly misused by employees.
However, in Buckingham & Carnatic Co v. Venkatayya - AIR 1964 SC 1272 = 1963(7) FLR 343 = (1964) 4 SCR 265 = (1963) 2 LLJ 638 = 25 FJR 25 (SC), it was rightly held that this provision (of section 73) is applicable only in case of punitive action for all kinds of misconduct during which employee has received sickness benefits. This protection is not applicable in case of abandonment of employment or when termination is automatic as per contract. – followed in Rajveer Singh v. Judge 1996 LLR 61 (Raj HC), where it was hold that provisions of section 73 are not applicable when termination of an employee is automatic.
Applicability of ESI Scheme - The scheme is applicable to all factories. [section 1(4)]. The Appropriate Government can also make it applicable to any other industrial, commercial, agricultural or other establishments, by issuing notification and giving 6 month notice. [section 1(5)].
Thus, ESI Act can be made applicable to ‘shops’ also. However, since Government has to provide for hospitals and medical facilities, the Act can be made applicable to different parts of State at different dates. Thus, if a factory is at a place where ESIC is unable to provide medical facilities, ESI Act may not be made applicable to that area. Government can exempt a factory or establishment or persons or class of persons from provisions of ESI Act, if the employees are getting better medical facilities/ [e.g. if Government is convinced that the factory itself is providing very good medical facilities e.g. like TISCO].
Regional Offices / Branch Offices get covered - Regional offices of a factory, which have their connection to the factory and where the Principal Employer has control over the regional offices, the regional offices will be covered under ESIC - Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products v. ESIC - AIR 1978 SC 356 = (1978) 2 SCR 345 = (1978) 1 SCC 194. If head office is covered under ESIC, branch offices are also covered when branch and principal office are inter-dependent and there is unity of relationship. - Transport Corporation of India v. ESIC 1999(7) SCALE 63 = 2000 LLR 113 = 83 FLR 970 = 1999 AIR SCW 4340 = AIR 2000 SC 238 (SC 3 member bench).
Outside agencies can be covered - In PM Patel v. UOI (1986) 1 SCC 32 = AR 1987 SC 447 = 1985 II CLR 322 (SC), workers were given work of making 'bidis' as home. Right of rejection of bidis was with employer. It was held that test of control and supervision lies in the right of rejection. It was held that employees working outside can be covered under ESIC, if there is master servant relationship.
Definition of ‘factory’ as per ESI Act - The ‘Factory’ means any premises where manufacturing process is carried out. If manufacture is without aid of power, the Act is applicable if persons employed are at least 20. If manufacture is with aid of power, the Act applies if persons employed are at least 10. [section 2(12)]. - - However, ‘mines’ have been excluded. - - ‘Manufacturing process’ has same meaning as defined under Factories Act. [section 2(14AA)].
One a factory or establishment is covered, it continues to be covered even if number of employees reduce. [section 1(6)]
Construction workers not covered – Construction workers employed in construction activities are not covered under ESIC. – ESIC circular No. P-12(11)-11/27/99 Ins.IV dated 14-6-1999. - - However, if administrative office employs 20 or more eligible employees, that establishment and employees working in administrative office will be covered.
Employer under ESI Act – ‘Principal Employer’ means * owner or occupier of factory * Head of department in case of Government department and * Person responsible for supervision and control, in case of any other establishment. [section 2(17)]. - - Employees working though contractor are also covered. ‘Contractor’ is termed as ‘Immediate Employer’. ‘Immediate employer’ means a person who has undertaken the execution, on the premises of factory or establishment to which this Act applies. He may do on his own or under the supervision of Principal Employer. The work should be part of work of factory or establishment of principal employer or is preliminary or incidental to the work of factory or establishment. [section 2(13)]. Primary liability of ESI contribution is of Principal Employer. [section 40(1)]. He can recover the contribution paid by him from the ‘immediate employer’ i.e. contractor. [section 41].
Employee under ESI Act - ‘Employee’ means any person employed for wages in or in connection with work of a factory or establishment to which the ESI Act applies. Employees drawing wages upto Rs. 7,500 per month can be presently covered under the ESI Act scheme. [section 2(9)].
Employees include * persons employed through contractor * Apprentices other than those covered under ‘Apprentices Act’ * Persons employed in administration office, department or branch for purchase or sale of products. * Casual workers engaged in work incidental to or connected with work of factory or establishment * Employees working at head office when factory is located at different place * Canteen staff, watch and ward staff are employees * Staff in hospital attached to factory are employees. - - Members of Indian Naval, Military or Air Forces are excluded.
If an employee is drawing wages less than Rs. 7,500 per month at the beginning of his ‘contribution period’, his contributions are payable for whole period of contribution period of six months even if in between his wages go above Rs. 7,500 p.m. [proviso to section 2(9)].
Following are not employees - * Persons drawing wages over Rs. 7,500 per month * member of Army, Navy or Air Force. * Partners of firm are not employees even if they are drawing wages - RD, ESIC v. Ramanuja Match Industry AIR 1985 SC 278 = 1985(1) SCC 218 = 1998(6) SCALE 38 * Persons employed in Government establishments. * construction workers engaged in raising additional building subsequent to initial set up of factory.
Contribution to ESIC Fund - Both employee and employer have to make contribution to ESIC. The employer has to deduct contribution from wages of employee and pay to ESIC both the employer’s contribution as well as employees’ contribution. [section 39(1)].
The contribution is payable for ‘wage period’ i.e. the period in respect of which wages are payable to employee. [section 39(2)]. Normally, ‘wage period’ is a month. The employee’s contribution is 1.75% of wages. It should be rounded off to next 5 paise. Employees contribution is not payable when daily wages are below Rs 15/-.
Employer’s contribution is 4.75% of total wage bill of all employees in respect of every wage period. Thus, it is not necessary to calculate employer's contribution separately for each employee. 4.75% of gross wages should be calculated and rounded off to next 5 paise. Employees drawing wages lower than Rs 25 per day do not have to pay employee's share. The contribution has to be paid within 21 days from close of the month. It is payable by a challan in authorised bank. - - If the contribution is not paid in time, interest @ 12% is payable. [section 39(5)(a)].
In addition, ESIC authorities can impose ‘damages’ varying between 5% to 25% of arrears of contribution u/s 85B.
Employer cannot deduct employer’s contribution from the salary of employee. [section 40(3)].
Liability of principal employer – In case of employees of contractor, liability is of Principal Employer. In Britannia Industries v. ESIC (2001) 98 FJR 520 (Mad HC), it was held that Principal Employer will be liable to penalty and damages also if contribution is not paid on due date. – same view in Padmini Products v. ESIC 2000(2) Kar LJ 369 (Karn HC).
Wage for purpose of ESI Act - ‘Wages’ means all remuneration paid or payable in cash to employee according to terms of contract of employment and includes any payment made to an employee in respect of period of authorised leave, lock-out, lay-off, strike which is not illegal and other additional remuneration paid at interval not exceeding two months. It does not include * contribution paid by employer to any pension fund or provident fund * Travelling allowance * Reimbursement of expenses made by nature of employment of the employee * gratuity. [section 2(22)].
Thus, wages include basic pay, dearness allowance, city compensatory allowance, payment of day of rest, overtime wages, house rent allowance, incentive allowance, attendance bonus, meal allowance and incentive bonus. However, wages do not include annual bonus, unilateral rewards scheme (inam), ex gratia payments made every quarter or every year travelling allowance, retrenchment compensation, encashment of leave and gratuity.
Contribution period and Benefit period - Contribution period is (a) 1st September to 31st March (b) 1st April to 30th September. The corresponding benefit period is (a) following 1st July to 31st December (b) following 1st January to 30th June. Thus, ‘benefit period’ starts three months after the ‘contribution period’ is over. The relevance of this definition is that sickness benefit and maternity benefit is available only during ‘benefit period’. Thus, an employee gets these benefits only after 9 months after joining employment and paying contribution. However, other benefits are available during contribution period also.
Benefits to employees covered under ESI Act - An employee is entitled to get benefits which are medical benefits as well as cash benefits. He also can get disablement benefit.
Regards
Arun K Mishra
From India, Bahadurgarh
Thank you so much for explaining in brief about the Acts.
All the information got from you was very useful for our career.
Kindly keep your good work going.
All the upcoming HR will find your messages to be very useful.
Thank you once again for the extraordinary reply.
Regards,
Caroline.
From India, Madras
All the information got from you was very useful for our career.
Kindly keep your good work going.
All the upcoming HR will find your messages to be very useful.
Thank you once again for the extraordinary reply.
Regards,
Caroline.
From India, Madras
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